VEGF: a pathway involved in the growth of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) that helps tumors grow

EGFR: a pathway that encourages cell growth after cell surface receptors are stimulated by growth factors

Multikinase Inhibitors: targeted agents that block multiple kinases which inhibit pathways that deliver signals to the cell nucleus, encouraging tumor cell growth and blood vessel formation

MAPK pathway: a pathway that is involved in sending signals within the cell that encourage cell growth

PD-1: a pathway that inhibits immune system cells from attacking other cells in the body, preventing them from fighting cancer cells

CTLA-4: another pathway that inhibits T cells (immune system cells) preventing them from fighting cancer cells